Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2017;38(4):79-89 https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2017.38.4.79 pissn: 1226-1688 eissn: 2234-408X The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types on the Relationship Between Mother and Child Emotional Reactions in Task Interaction Eun Young Nahm, So Eun Park Department of Child Studies, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea, Objective: This study was focused on analyzing how different types of maternal praise influence the mutual emotional reactions between mothers and their children. Methods: Fifty-eight pairs of mothers and their 5-year-old children participated in the study. Their interactions were observed and analyzed on a second-by-second basis using a computer. During the observations, whenever the mothers expressed praise, they were categorized by praise type. The relationships between each praise type and mother child interactions were then verified. Results: All praise types showed high correlations with maternal affection. Mothers who frequently used praise also used more humor and their children more often expressed affection toward their mothers. Maternal affection was significantly related to child affection and maternal negative emotion showed a high positive correlation with child negative emotion. Finally, maternal process praise fully mediated the relationship between maternal affection and child affection. Conclusion: Our results indicate that, by scrutinizing mother child interactions on a second-bysecond basis, one can analyze how a mother's reactions to her child relates to maternal praise types and how this influences her child's emotional reactions. Keywords: mother child interaction, emotional reaction, maternal praise types., (Eisenberg, Fabes, Guthrie, & Rieser, 2000; Salovey & Grewal, 2005). (Shiota, Campos, Keltner, & Hertenstein, 2004)., (Cole, Mochel, & Teti, 1994). Corresponding Author: Eun Young Nahm, Department of Child Studies, Seoul Women's University, 621, Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea. E-mail: nahmey@swu.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Nahm and Park 80, -, (Eisenberg Cumberland, & Spinard, 1998; Martin, Clements, & Crnic, 2002; Webster-Stratton & Reid, 2004)., (Denham, Zoller, & Couchoud, 1994)., (Skinner & Wellborn, 1994).,, (Meyer, Raikes, Virmani, Water, & Thompson, 2014; Morris, Silk, Steinberg, Myers, & Robinson, 2007). (Nahm & Park, 2017),, (Meyer et al., 2014; Romens & Pollak, 2012)., (Blair et al., 2008)., Song Choi (2009).,, (Stipek, Recchia, & Mcclintic, 1992). Nahm Park (2017) -. -,,, (H. Lee, 2012),.,, (Mueller & Dweck, 1998)., (Delin & Baumeister, 1994)., (Henderlong & Lepper, 2002)., (Chang & Jahng, 2014), (Delin & Baumeister, 1994) (Chang & Jahng, 2014; Jung, Yu, & Shin, 2008)., (Cimpian, Arce, Markman, & Dweck, 2007).. Dweck Leggett (1988),, (Kohn, 2001). (Kohn, 2001).,.. Mueller Dweck (1998)., (Corpus & Lepper, 2007), (Chalk & Bizo, 2004). Jeong (2012),,., Kamins Dweck (1999).,,,.,
81 The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types..,.,. (Eisenberg et al., 1998). (Kahen, 1993; Rohner, Kcan, & Cournoyer, 1991). -,. Belden Luby (2006) -. (Deslandes, Potvin, & Leclerc, 1999).,..,., (Jung et al., 2008; Yun, Kim, & Kim, 2009), (M. E. Lee, Seo, & Sung, 2014), (Jeong, 2012).,. (Henderlong & Lepper, 2002), (Nahm, 2008),.., (,, ),., 5, (Thompson & Goodvin, 2007)., 5 (Meyer et al., 2014). -... -, -.,.. 1? 2?
Nahm and Park 82 연구대상 5.,. 63,. 3 2. (box-and-whisker plots) 1.5 (outliers) 9 49. Shapiro-Wilk.05. 37.67 (SD = 2.89), 29 (59.18%), 20 (40.82%). 연구도구 어머니 - 자녀상호작용실험및어머니정서반응과자녀정서반응 Nahm Park (2017) - -., -.,. - Kahen (1993), Nahm (2006) Kahen (Kahen Affect Coding System [KACS]). KACS,,,. Table 1. 15 4 30%,.78. 어머니칭찬유형 15. Kamins Dweck (1999) M. E. Lee (2014),.,, (M. E. Lee et al., 2014),. 연구절차 -,.... 15, 3 18 8.,,.,.,. 자료처리 15 INTERACT 8 (Mangold, 2008). KACS,,.,.,. PASW
83 The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). -, (Tolerance [TOL]) (Variance Inflation Factor [VIF]).. Sobel test. 어머니 - 자녀상호작용에서나타난정서반응과어머니칭찬유형간의관계 -, Table 2.,. (M = 12.08, SD = 9.84), (M = 2.82, SD = 3.46) (M = 1.18, SD = 1.62)., ( : M = 72.55, SD = 70.20; : M = 140.68, SD = 154.16)., (M = 61.53, SD = 61.39), (M = 18.93, SD = 36.74), (M = 1.01, SD = 2.40), (M = 0.10, SD = 0.50), / (M = 59.86, SD = 184.70), (M = 26.61, SD = 44.85), (M= 10.99, SD = 22.79), (M = 3.59, SD = 19.79). Table 3. Table 1 Subscale of Kahen Affect Coding System Maternal affect Humor Positive affection Subsacle Anger-frustration-criticism Tension Contempt Neutral Child affect Humor Affection-enthusiasm-enjoyment-pride Anger-irritation-frustration-oppositional: Formerly noncompliance Tension Sadness/Whining Neutral Example Mother: I m going to get my arms off the table! (to not cause any jiggling) Child: I m too! (smiling, chuckling) Both: smiling, giggling Mother: You got it. (patting back; voice tone is softer/warmer, and mother uses pet name) Mother: Don t do that, I m telling you that s a bad mistake. Mother: Go s-1-o-w... slow... SLOW... SLOW!! (voice pitch and intensity increases) Mother: I have a feeling we re going to pick up some blocks very soon. (mother has straight-faced, funny look, glances at child) Child: (doesn t reciprocate) When an action or behavior is exhibited by a mother, but does not fit any of the codes specified in this coding system Mother: I m going to get my arms off the table! (to not cause any jiggling) Child: I m too! (smiling, chuckling) Both: (smiling, giggling) Child: (places last block to win) Whoo hoo! (throws triumphant upward arm) Mother: (attempts to point at block) Child: Don t touch! (looks at mother, raises hand to block mother s hand OR Keep your fingers away! (low, monotone, firm, steady voice) Mother: Moves hand close to tower. Child: Don t touch! Don t touch! (voice tone is high and filled with worry/child sounds scared; if voice tone were short and quick or sounded frustrated, this would be coded as anger-irritation-frustration-oppositional) Child: I just want to take out the middle but it s too tight... (voice continues to raise toward the end of the sentence) When an action or behavior is exhibited by the child, but does not fit any of the codes specified in this coding system
Nahm and Park 84 Table 2 Descriptive Statistics Variable M SD Praise Personal praise 2.82 3.46 Process praise 1.18 1.62 Outcome praise 12.08 9.84 Sum of praise 16.08 11.21 Maternal affect Humor 1.01 2.40 Affection 61.53 61.39 Anger-frustration-criticism 18.93 36.74 Tension 72.55 70.20 Contempt 0.10 0.50 Neutral 494.58 310.29 Child affect Humor 3.59 19.79 Affection-enthusiasm-enjoyment-pride 26.61 44.85 Anger-irritation-frustrationoppositional: 10.99 22.79 Formerly noncompliance Tension 140.68 154.16 Sadness/Whining 59.86 184.70 Neutral 383.23 308.66 Note. N = 49. (r =.36, p <.05). (r =.44, p <.01), (r =.37 p <.01), (r =.41, p <.01). (r =.30, p <.05). (r =.39, p <.01) (r =.30, p <.05). (r =.66, p <.001) / (r =.47, p <.01), (r =.40, p <.01) (r =.42 p <.01). (r =.52, p <.001) (r =.82, p <.001). 어머니정서반응과자녀정서반응간의관계에서어머니칭찬유형의매개효과, Baron Kenny (1986)., Table 3 Correlations of Related Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Praise 1 2.38** 3.12.05 4.47**.31*.92*** Maternal affect 5.04.36*.08.34* 6.44**.37**.25.41**.24 7 -.10 -.27 -.15 -.20.01 -.20 8.18 -.08 -.13 -.07.07.16.52*** 9 -.12 -.15 -.08 -.13 -.08 -.14.13.09 10.30*.17.09.19.31*.56***.24.48*** -.03 Child affect 11 -.01.26 -.07.00 -.02.09 -.07 -.06 -.04.16 12.17.39**.03.12.06.66*** -.12 -.01 -.12.32** -.09 13.30* -.13 -.24 -.15 -.14.02.40**.42** -.01.24 -.03 -.14 14.01 -.13 -.08 -.08.16.01.52***.82***.10.50*** -.04 -.14.39** 15.25 -.06.10.17.26.47** -.08 -.01 -.06.16 -.03.13 -.10 -.14 16.15.23.02.10 -.05.35*.22.34*.00.77***.13.30*.22.27 -.34* Note. N = 49. 1 = person praise; 2 = process praise; 3 = outcome praise; 4 = sum of praise; 5 = humor; 6 = affection; 7 = anger-frustrationcriticism; 8 = tension; 9 = contempt; 10 = neutral; 11 = child humor; 12 = child affection; 13 = child anger-irritation-frustrationoppositional: formerly noncompliance; 14 = child tension; 15 = child sadness/whining; 16 = child neutral. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
85 The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types Table 4 Mediating Effects of Maternal Process Praise on the Relationship Between Maternal Affection and Child Affection Step Dependent variable Independent variable β t R 2 (Adj. R 2 ) F 1 Process praise Maternal affection.37 2.75**.14 (.12) 7.57** 2 Child affection Maternal affection.48 6.08***.44 (.43) 36.97*** 3 Child affection Maternal affection.04.13.44 (.42) 18.11*** Note. N = 49. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Process praise.66 5.54***,., Table 4. 1 (β =.37, p <.01). 2 (β =.48, p <.001). 3,, (β =.66, p <.001). 2 (β =.04)., 3,. Sobel test, 1.96, (z = 5.16, p <.001)., TOL.86, VIF 1.16,. -,.,,. (Kahen, 1993), 5, (Kang, Kwon, & Ryu, 2013).,.. -, (Abel, 2002; Kim & Chung, 2013). (Jeong, 2012; Mueeler & Dweck, 1998).,. (Kamins & Dweck, 1999)., (Jeong, 2012; Mueeler & Dweck, 1998)
Nahm and Park 86, (Chang & Jahng, 2014)., -,.,. (Cimpian et al., 2007),, (Kamins & Dweck, 1999).,, (Kamins & Dweck, 1999),,.,,,,,. (McElwain, Halberstadt, & Volling, 2007). (Waters & Thompson, 2014),,.,,.,,,.,, (Corpus & Lepper, 2007; Mueller & Dweck, 1998; Jeong, 2012).,.,.,..,,,. - 15. -,,.,.., -,..,.,, - - -,...
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