(K-ProQOL 5) * (Professional Quality of Life Scale, ProQOL 5; Stamm, 2010). ProQOL 5 489, 1 299. K-ProQOL 5,, -.,,, 3.,. 79 4 - -.,,. K-ProQOL 5. * 2014 ( ) (NRF-2014S1A3A2038236). (Corresponding Author) :,, 11-1 Tel : 02-3277-2643 / E-mail : ahn12@ewha.ac.kr
.. (Figley, 2002).,,,,,,, (,, 2015; Stamm, 2010). (,, ; )..,.,. DSM-5(American Psychiatry Association, 2013) ( A4).. 1990, (secondary traumatic stress, STS), (burnout, BO), (compassion fatigue, CF), (vicarious traumatization, VT). (McCann & Pearlman, 1990),.,,,,.
. (CF), PTSD. (Figley, 2002), (Adams, Boscario, & Figley, 2006). Empathy Fatigue(Stebnicki, 2007). Stamm (2010) (STS) (BO). (STS),, PTSD.,. (BO),,,,.,, 3 (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001), (,,, ). (Cieslak et al., 2013).,.. (Impact of Event Scale-Revised, IES-R; Weiss, 2004), (Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale, TABS; Pearlman, 2003),
(Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, STSS; Bride, Robinson, Yegidis, & Figley, 2004), (Professional Quality of Life Scale, ProQOL; Stamm, 2010).. IES-R (Impact of Event Scale, IES; Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979) (intrusion) (avoidance), (hyperarousal) 22. (, 2011), (, 2012). TABS (vicarious trauma) TSI (Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale, Pearlman, 1996). TABS (,,,,, ) 84, (self) (others) 10. (, 2012;,, 2015), (, 2015), (, 2016) TABS. IES-R TABS STSS ProQOL. STSS,,, 17. (,, 2011), (, 2012;,, 2015), (, 2015), (, 2012), (, 2016)., ProQOL Figley(1995) CFST(Compassion Fatigue Self-Test). CFST (compassion satisfaction) CSFT(Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Test; Stamm & Figley, 1996) 2005 ProQOL. STSS, ProQOL (CS) (CF). (Hensel et al., 2015) 38
23 ProQOL(17 ) CFST(6 )., ProQOL (,,, 2015;,, 2014a). (, 2007),,,, (,,, 2015), (,, 2012;,, 2012;,, 2014;,, 2014b).. (2010) ProQOL. ProQOL. ProQOL ProQOL 5(Stamm, 2010) 30. ProQOL 5 (compassion satisfaction, CS) (compassion fatigue, CF), 2, (burnout, BO) (secondary traumatic stress, STS). 10 30, 5 (1=, 5= ). (1, 4, 15, 17, 27). ProQOL 5 T. T 25% (%tile) 25%tile 75%tile,,. ProQOL 5 25%tile T 44, 43, 42, 75%tile 57, 56, 56. ProQOL 5,. ProQOL 5 (CS), (BO), (STS)
. Stamm(2010) 1. ProQOL 5., ProQOL 5,,,. ProQOL 5. Stamm(2010). ( K-ProQOL 5) CS BO STS.. CS BO STS CS BO STS CS BO STS CS BO STS.... PTSD..,,. CS=compassion satisfaction; BO=burnout; STS=secondary traumatic stress.
. ProQOL 5. ProQOL 5. ProQOL (Stamm, 2010),. K-ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5. Stamm(2010) ProQOL 5,.. ProQOL 5, (IRB). 489 ProQOL 5,.,.. (,,,,,,,,, ), (,,,,,,, ). 6 ( 200 ) (289 ) 489
. - 4, 156 79. 1. 299. PTSD (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) 1 299. 299. 271 (90.6%), 26 (8.7%), 37.80 (SD = 8.13; =25 ~62 ), (239, 79.9%) (43, 14.4%), (17, 5.7%). (162, 54.2%), (52, 17.4%), (,,, ; 25, 8.3%), 60(20.1%)., 67.92 (SD= 50.66; =4 ~240 ), 16.66 (SD=10.90; =1 ~50 ), 7.05 (SD=8.48; =1 ~48 ).,,., (F=8.38, p<.001) (M=104.29, SD=60.92) (M=68.76, SD=48.57) (M=69.60, SD=73.80). (F=6.86, p<.01) (M=14.55, SD=9.25) (M=19.27, SD= 11.66) (M=20.07, SD=14.18). (F=6.72, p<.01) (M=10.71, SD=12.86) (M=5.69, SD= 6.37) (M=6.76, SD=7.78). ProQOL 5(Stamm, 2010). (forward-adaptation) 1
(Brislin, 1970:, 2003 ). (, 2003). ProQOL 5. 1 3 ProQOL 5. 1 2, 1, 1. 1 1 K-ProQOL 5. (Maslach Burnout Inventory, MBI) (Maslach & Jackson, 1981),, (2002) MBI K-ProQOL 5 (BO). MBI (Emotional Exhausion, 9 ), (Depersonalization, 5 ), (Personal Accomplishment, 8 ) 3 7 Likert (0 = ~6= )., K-ProQOL 5 CS. MBI Cronbach s.87,.58,.85. (Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, PDS) (Foa, Cashman, Jaycox, & Perry, 1997) DSM-IV 1:1 17. 4 (0= /, 1= 1 1 /, 2= 1 /2~4, 3= /5 ) 20 (,,, 2010). (2005) PDS K-ProQOL 5 (STS)
. Cronbach s.93. CES-D(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D) CES-D(Rdloff, 1977) CES-D(,,, 2001). CES-D 20 4 Likert (0= /1, 1= /1~2, 2= /3~4, 3= /5~7 ) (4, 8, 12, 16). CES-D K-ProQOL 5 Cronbach s.91. (Trauma History Checklist THC) (,,, 2015) DSM-5(APA, 2013) A. THC ( ) ( ),,,. K-ProQOL 5,, -,, (Cronbach s α). K-ProQOL 5-4. K-ProQOL 5., K-ProQOL 5.., RMSEA, CFI, TLI. RMSEA(Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation) 0.08.08.10 (, 2000; Hu & Bentler, 1999) TLI(Tucker Lewis Index) CFI(Comparative Fit Index) 0 1.90 (, 2000; Bentler, 1990). K-ProQOL 5,,
M SD - Cronbach s α α 3 3.71 0.76.72.88 6 2.97 0.90.59.89.89 12 3.85 0.86.69.88 16 3.47 0.98.59.89 18 3.63 0.84.76.87 (CS) 20 3.24 0.89.73.88 22 3.57 0.88.72.88 24 3.68 0.82.77.87 27 3.12 0.85.75.87 30 3.66 0.80.78.87 1 2.53 0.74.53.72.74 4 2.29 0.75.44.73 8 1.75 0.80.54.72 10 2.00 0.93.70.69 15 2.06 0.90.51.73 (BO) 17 2.84 0.89.62.71 19 2.82 1.05.71.69 21 2.64 1.10.47.74 26 2.37 1.15.60.72 29 2.39 0.82.37.75 2 2.87 0.78.48.80.80 5 2.61 1.09.41.82 7 2.39 1.05.68.77 9 2.39 0.98.65.78 11 2.27 1.07.72.77 13 2.34 0.96.68.77 (STS) 14 2.11 0.91.62.78 23 2.19 0.93.55.79 25 2.20 0.95.67.77 28 1.69 0.76.52.79
K-ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5 T, Scheffe, Dunnett T3. AMOS 18.0 SPSS 18.0. K-ProQOL 5 -,, ( 2)., (0.7 ), -.30, (, 2006)., 2.97~3.85(SD= 0.76~0.98), 1.75~2.84(SD=0.74~1.15), 1.69~2.87(SD= 0.76~1.09). ProQOL 5 Likert 1-5 3,,. -.59~.78,.37 ~.71,.41~.72,. Cronbach's α.89,.74,.80. 2, BO 29.01 5.02. K-ProQOL 5 30. 34.88(SD=6.08), 23.71(SD=5.08), 23.06(SD=5.71). K-ProQOL 5 -
70.81(p<.001),.71(p<.001),.65(p<.001) -. K-ProQOL 5 (Confirmatory Factor Analysis, CFA)., ProQOL 5 ( 1). Stamm(2010), 1, 2 (CF) (CS) 2 2. 3,, 3, K-ProQOL 5 3., Stamm. ProQOL 5 3 3.
3 (Kline, 2011), K-ProQOL 5 10 (MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, & Hong, 1999). (item parceling) (Kiston & Widaman, 1994).,, (Bandalos, 2002)., (unidimensionality). (Construct Reliability, CR) (Average Variance Extracted, AVE),.70 (Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1998),.50 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). K-ProQOL 5 1 5. (Construct Reliability, CR) (Average Variance Extracted, AVE),.89,.77,.81.68,.52,.55 df RMSEA (90% ) CFI TLI 1 740.02 90 8.22.156 (.145-.166).68.62 2 393.69 89 4.42.107 (.096-.118).85.82 3 245.68 87 2.82.078 (.067-.090).92.91. RMSEA = Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation; CFI = Comparative Fit Index; TLI = Comparative Fit Index.
. 0.38 0.70 1.47, 0.52 0.99. 3. 1 ( =740.02, df=90; RMSEA=.156; CFI=.68; TLI=.62) 2 ( =393.69, df=89; RMSEA=.107; CFI=.85; TLI=.82) 3 ( =245, df=87; RMSEA=.078; CFI=.92; TLI=.91) K-ProQOL 5 3 C.R. (CS) CS 1 1.00 0.77 *** CS 2 0.94 0.78 *** 0.07 13.80 CS 3 1.06 0.82 *** 0.07 14.80 CS 4 0.99 0.79 *** 0.07 14.04 CS 5 0.97 0.79 *** 0.07 14.10 (BO) BO 1 1.00 0.71 *** BO 2 1.00 0.50 *** 0.12 18.16 BO 3 0.89 0.64 *** 0.09 10.35 BO 4 1.08 0.66 *** 0.10 10.57 BO 5 0.83 0.66 *** 0.08 10.57 (STS) STS 1 1.00 0.61 *** STS 2 0.96 0.65 *** 0.11 8.82 STS 3 0.88 0.61 *** 0.10 8.40 STS 4 1.24 0.70 *** 0.13 9.33 STS 5 1.44 0.80 *** 0.14 10.08. CS=compassion satisfaction; BO=burnout; STS=secondary traumatic stress. *** p <.001.
1 2 3 1. (CS) - 2. (BO) -.77 *** - 3. (STS) -.29 ***.77 *** -. *** p<.001.. 4 3.77~.82,.50~.71,.61-~.80 (p<.001). -.77, -.29,.77 ( 5). K-ProQOL 5 K-ProQOL 5 CES-D, PDS, MBI 6. K-PorQOL 5 (CS) MBI (r=.66, p<.001), CED-D(r=-.39, p<.001), PDS(r=-.26, p<.001), MBI (r=-.34, p<.001) (r=-.41, p<.001). K-PorQOL 5 (BO) MBI (r=-.40, p<.001), (r=-.63, p<.001) (r=.53, p<.001). CED-D(r=.61, p<.001) PDS(r=.51, p<.001) K-ProQOL 5 (concurrent validity). K-ProQOL 5 (STS) PDS (r=.58, p<.001), CED-D(r=.45, p<.001). MBI (r=.57, p<.001), (r=.47, p<.001) (r=-.10, p>.05). K-ProQOL 5 T 2, 25%tile 75%tile 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. K-ProQOL CS - 2. K-ProQOL BO -.61 *** - 3. K-ProQOL STS -.25 ***.64 *** - 4. CES-D -.39 ***.61 ***.45 *** - 5. PDS -.26 ***.51 ***.58 ***.56 *** - 6. MBI -.34 ***.63 ***.57 ***.51 ***.44 *** - 7. MBI.66 *** -.40 *** -.10 -.30 *** -.10 -.04-8. MBI -.41 ***.53 ***.47 ***.43 ***.45 ***.62 *** -.21 *** - M (SD) 34.88 (6.08) 23.71 (5.08) 23.06 (5.71) 14.82 (9.25) 7.75 (7.73) 24.40 (9.55) 32.87 (7.21) 7.27 (5.20). CS=compassion satisfaction; BO=burnout; STS=secondary traumatic stress; CES-D=Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; PDS=Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; MBI=Maslach Burnout Inventory. *** p <.01. (CS) 42 43 ~54 55 (BO) 44 45 ~58 59 (STS) 42 43 ~55 56. T 1) 42 ( =30 ), 43 ( =31 ) ~54 ( =37 ), 55 ( =38 ), 2) 44 ( =20 ), 45 ( =21 ) ~58 ( =27 ), 59 ( =28 ), 3) 42 ( =18 ), 43 ( =19 ) ~55 ( =25 ), 56 ( =26 ).,, PDS, CES-D, MBI. 8
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) F n=68 (22.7%) n=153 (51.2%) n=78 (26.1%) PDS 11.61 (9.88) 7.09 (7.06) 5.74 (5.60) F(2,292)=12.24 *** >, a (CS) CES-D 20.20 (10.45) 14.65 (7.76) 10.58 (8.64) F(2,288)=21.73 *** > > a MBI 27.91 (10.57) 24.72 (8.41) 20.72 (9.56) F(2,295)=11.19 ***, > b MBI 9.85 (6.00) 7.68 (4.74) 4.23 (3.66) F(2,296)=87.64 *** > > a MBI 26.24 (6.28) 32.66 (5.87) 38.91 (4.88) F(2,294)=25.90 *** < < b n=67 (22.4%) n=187 (62.5%) n=45 (15.1%) PDS 4.72 (4.82) 6.92 (6.68) 15.82 (9.97) F(2,292)=37.69 ***, < a (BO) CES-D 8.81 (8.34) 14.74 (7.22) 24.14 (10.72) F(2,288)=46.41 *** < < a MBI 17.22 (6.71) 24.54 (7.93) 34.51 (10.06) F(2,295)=62.36 *** < < a MBI 4.18 (3.29) 7.21 (4.60) 12.16 (6.20) F(2,296)=15.08 *** < < a MBI 35.97 (6.77) 32.77 (6.94) 28.69 (6.87) F(2,294)=40.03 *** > > b n=71 (23.7%) n=151 (50.5%) n=77 (25.8%) (STS) PDS 3.35 (3.69) 6.72 (6.20) 13.86 (9.39) F(2,292)=48.19 *** < < a CES-D 9.56 (7.28) 14.80 (8.65) 19.67 (9.45) F(2,288)=24.80 *** < < b MBI 17.11 (7.01) 24.37 (7.68) 31.28 (9.96) F(2,295)=55.02 *** < < a MBI 4.23 (3.98) 7.16 (4.39) 10.31 (5.94) F(2,296)=30.39 *** < < a MBI 33.79 (8.13) 33.02 (7.04) 31.77 (6.60) F(2,294)=1.50. PDS=Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; CES-D=Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; MBI=Maslach Burnout Inventory. a = Dunnet T3, b = Scheffe. *** p<.001.., PDS MBI. PDS. MBI.
ProQOL 5.,,., K-ProQOL 5 (CS), (BO), (STS). -.77,.77, -.29. Stamm(2010). Stamm. K-ProQOL 5 MBI,..,., (Bride, Jones, & Macmaster, 2007; Jenkins & Baird, 2002; Nelson-Gardell & Harris, 2003), (, 2011; Sommer & Cox, 2006), (Sprang, Clark, & Witt-Woosley, 2007), (Bride et al., 2007), (,, 2012; Bakker, Demerouti, & Euwema, 2005), (Bride et al., 2007).. K-ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5., K-ProQOL 5
.,., K-ProQOL 5,,. ProQOL 25%. K-ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5 CS(M=34.88, SD=6.08), BO(M=23.71, SD=5.08), STS(M=23.06, SD=5.71) Stamm (2010). K-ProQOL 5 ProQOL 5, K-ProQOL 5 8, 14, 16.,,,,,,, ProQOL. 1, 7.05. ProQOL 5. K-ProQOL 5 (CS), (BO) ( ) (STS).,. 21 (14.2%), 29 (10.3%),
30 (10.0%). Stamm (2010).,.,, (2016) (, ; Secondary Trauma Care Inventory, STCI),,,,.,,,..,. Stamm(2010),,,,, ProQOL 5,,.,. K-ProQOL 5.,.,
(, 2014).,.. (2011). :,,., 415-430. (2012)..., (2014)., :., 362-371., (2015).,, :., 55-73. (2015).., 51-73., (2012). :,,., 320-328.,, (2010).., 147-167. (2016).., (2011).,., 289-322. (2015). :., 97-118. (2003).., 57-80. (2007).. (2005). :.,
217-231., (2012).., 870-878., (2002).,., 389-400.,, (2015). :., 77-101., (2015).., 195-230.,,,,, (2012).,,., 249-273., (2010). :., 19-36.,, (2001). CES-D., 59-76., (2012).., 64-73., (2014).,,,., 80-88. (2012).., 159-191. (2014). :., 359-386., (2014a).., 255-264., (2014b).,,., 373-382.,, (2005). : 6., 159-183.,, (2016). (STCI). 579-613. (2006). :. (2000).., 161-177. Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J., & Figley, C. R. (2006). Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: A validation study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 103-108.
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Validation of the Korean Version of Professional Quality of Life Scale 5(K-ProQOL 5) for Mental Health Professional Hyesun Joo Yoonwha Cho Hyunnie Ahn Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University This study aimed to develop Korean version of the Professional Quality of Life Scale 5 (K-ProQOL 5; Stamm, 2010) and test its validity and reliability. 489 mental health practitioners participated in the research, and responses from 299 participants who had recently seen at least one trauma survivor were used for data analysis. All items of K-ProQOL 5 showed adequate mean, standard deviation, internal consistency and item-total correlations. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and yielded a structure of three inter-correlated factors, compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. 79 out of the 299 participants took the test four weeks later to confirm good test-retest reliability. Cut-off scores were identified to help mental health workers to see their relative standing in each sub-test, and the validity of those scores were checked. Finally, implications and limitations of the study and ways of appropriate applications of K-ProQOL 5 were addressed. Key words : Professional Quality of Life, ProQOL 5, compassion satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress
.,,.,.,. 1=, 2=, 3=, 4=, 5=. 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5.. 6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. 10.. 11.. 12.. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16.. 17.. 18.. 19.. 20.. 21.. 22.. 23.. 24.. 25.. 26.. 27.. 28.. 29.. 30..
. : 3. 6. 12. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 27. 30. : : *1. = *4. = 8. 10. *15. = *17. = 19. = 21. 26. *29. = : : 2. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 14. 23. 25. 28. : 30 42 31 ~37 43 ~54 38 55 20 44 21 ~27 45 ~58 28 59 *. 1 5, 2 4, 3 3, 4 2, 5 1 18 42 19 ~25 43 ~55 26 56
%tile T %tile T %tile T 10 10 10 28 11 11 26 11 1 30 12 12 1 28 12 3 32 13 13 2 30 13 5 34 14 14 4 32 14 8 35 15 15 6 34 15 10 37 16 16 8 36 16 14 39 17 17 10 38 17 18 40 18 22 18 13 40 18 24 42 19 19 16 42 19 26 44 20 20 22 44 20 32 45 21 1 27 21 31 46 21 37 47 22 2 29 22 44 48 22 45 49 23 4 30 23 52 49 23 52 50 24 5 32 24 58 51 24 60 52 25 7 34 25 66 53 25 66 54 26 10 35 26 72 55 26 74 56 27 13 37 27 81 57 27 80 57 28 16 39 28 85 59 28 84 59 29 19 40 29 87 61 29 89 61 30 23 42 30 91 63 30 92 62 31 26 43 31 94 65 31 93 64 32 32 45 32 96 67 32 95 66 33 40 47 33 98 69 33 96 68 34 46 48 34 99 70 34 97 69 35 53 50 35 99 72 35 99 71 36 59 52 36 99 74 36 99 72 37 68 53 37 37 38 74 55 38 38 39 81 57 39 39 40 85 58 40 40 100 79 41 87 60 41 41 42 89 61 42 100 86 42 43 93 63 43 43 84 44 94 65 44 44 45 45 45 46 96 68 46 46 47 97 70 47 47 48 98 71 48 100 97 48 49 100 73 49 49 50 75 50 50