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1 담학연구 (Early Parental Attachment Scale: EPAS). 50.,, , , ,., - -,, Likert -.91,.93, -.89,.90.. (Corresponding Author): / / Tel: / zeebee33@naver.com

2 , (Erickson, 1968)...,.., (Rizzuto, 2000).. (destructive entitlement).... Bowlby(1973) -. (availability) (responsiveness).,, (Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985) (Bowlby, 1973). Bowlby Ainsworth et al., (1978) (the strange situation). (Bowlby, 1973) (Brumariu & Kerns, 2010), (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; Wilkinson, 2008), (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Collins & Read, 1990; Fraley,

3 Waller, & Brennan, 2000; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985; Hazan & Shaver, 1987). (, 2013; Flores, 2004), (,,, 2010), (,, 2007), (, 2006) (Limke & Mayfield, 2011; Miner, 2009).., - (the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Revised: IPPA-R; Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) - (Parental Bonding Instrument: PBI; Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979), (Adult attachment interview: AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985) (Fouladi, Moller, & McCarthy, 2006). IPPA-R (1998). (1992) PBI, AAI., Bowlby(1973, 1988) IPPA-R,, -, PBI. AAI IPPA-R PBI,, (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). Ainsworth et al.,(1978) 3 (, -, ) Hazan Shaver(1987) 3 (Adult Attachment Questionnaire: AAQ) (,, 2015). (AAQ) (Crowell, Fraley, & Shaver, 1999). ( ),.

4 ,., - (EPAS). - (IPPA-R), (PAM), (AAI), (PAS). IPPA-R Greenberg, Siegel Leitch(1983) Armsden Greenberg(1987) Likert. IPPA-R,,. (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). (Parental Attachment Measure: PAM) Hazan Shaver(1987) 3 (AAQ) Collins Read(1990) (Adult Attachment Scale: AAS) Proctor(1998) (others) (parents).,, Likert. AAS (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000),. AAS 17., PAM 17. George, Kaplan, Main(1985) (AAI) ,,,, (role-reversing) AAI -,,, -.. (Parental Attachment Scale: PAS) (AAI) Fouladi, Moller McCarthy (2006) 23 6 Likert.

5 , AAI -, (Crowell, Treboux, & Waters, 1999). AAI (quality), (PAS)., (Fouladi, Moller, & McCarthy, 2006),. (EPAS).,,., ,., (ECR-R), (STAI), (SWBS) (EPAS).,,,, (45.3%), 142 (54.7%) 35 (SD = 10.85) 106 (40.8%) 154 (59.2%).,, (42.7%), 182 (57.3%), 33 (SD = 11.71) 164 (51.6%), 114 (35.8%), 40 (12.6%).. AAI George, Kaplan, Main(1985) ( 5-12 ) /

6 . (EPAS) Bowlby(1980) Ainsworth et al., (1978) - (insecure-anxious/ambivalent attachment) (insecure-avoidant attachment). -,. AAI, PAS ( ) -. IPPA-R ( ), PAM. - ( : ( ) ) Likert (Summed rating method)., 2 3. ( ). ( )..,.,, 260, (,,, ), - -, (, 2000). (SPSS 20.0), 2-9, (Cronbach s α).

7 ,, (AMOS 20.0). EPAS.,. (ECR-R) (SPSS 20.0). - (Experience in Close Relationships Scale-R: ECR-R) ECR-R Brennan, Clark Shaver(1998) Fraley, Waller Brennan(2000). (2004). ECR-R 7 Likert ,. (2004).89, (Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI-T) -(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI) Spielberg, Gorsuch, Lushene(1970) (1978). STAI 20(FormX-I) 20(FormX-II) Likert 7 Likert. (1978) (Existential well-being: EWB) Paloutzion Ellison(1982) 10,, (Limke & Mayfield, 2011; Miner, 2009) (Korean-Version).,

8 ..78 (Paloutzion & Ellison, 1982) , -, Cronbach s α 1 * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **p <.01, * p. 11 2

9 . -() 2.38(3.98).97(1.21), -() 2.46(3.23).94(1.12) ,.67.83, , KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) Bartlett, KMO =.905, = (p<.001), KMO =.899, = (p<.001) (, 1998). Direct Oblimin (, 2000). (Eigenvalue) 1 7 (SPSS 20.0),, 2. (Cronbach α) , - 9, % % % % % 53.8%. 302 ( ) (.42.85) 27.1%(22.6%),.65.86(.47.87) 36.4%(34.8%) 63.5%(57.4%)., EPAS (ECR-R),,. (SPSS 20.0), ,. 3 EPAS.

10 16 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (%) ( ) 302., (134) = , p<.001, TLI =.88, CFI =.89, RMSEA =.098, (134) = , p<.001, TLI =.83, CFI =.85, RMSEA = ,

.63.81,.70.86, -.61.80,.59.82. 4-1 4-2.. 2-1 2-2. - - - - -.130 - -.660 **.117 * -.066.424 **.228 ** -.430 **.185 **.484 **.098 -.274 **.149 *.248 **.233 **.322 ** -.182 **.236 **.339 **.269 **.

11 .63.81,.70.86, , **.117 * **.228 ** **.185 **.484 ** **.149 *.248 **.233 **.322 ** **.236 **.339 **.269 **.632 **.456 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** - M SD *p <.05, **p <.01 df TLI CFI RMSEA(90% ) ( )

12 df TLI CFI RMSEA(90% ) ( ).

13 (EPAS). - Ainsworth et al.,(1978) Brennan, Clark, Shaver(1998) EPAS ,..,, , ( = 63.47, = 57.38) TLI, CFI.90 RMSEA.10 (, 2000). (item parceling) (Nasser & Takahashi, 2003), - (r=.59.86, p<.01) (.43.86) - 2.., (n=241) (n=302) EPAS., 3. -, (,, 2012; Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).,.. - (r=.23, p<.01), - (Limke & Mayfield, 2011) (r=.46, p<.01).

14 ,. -.,.. (,,, 2014;,, 2010;, 2013), (Ainsworth et al., 1978), - (,,, 2014; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).., (,, 2003;, 2013; Limke & Mayfield, 2011; Miner, 2009)..,. - (PBI). PBI..,. (, 2002; Limke & Mayfield, 2011).. (M = 3.33) (M = 4.23).

15 .,. (Wallin, 2010). Bowlby(1980) 2. (AIA) 40 70% (Phelps, Belsky, & Crnic, 1998).,, 2,..,.,,,.,,.,.,... (2004).,.,, (2014).. (3), , (1978). STAI. (10), ,, (2014)., -. (4), , (2015).. (1), (2006). :,

16 . (1), , (2003).. (4), (1992). - (Parental Bonding Instrument):., , (2012). :. (4), (1998).. :. (1998)..,. (2000).. :. (2013)..,., (2007).. (4), , (2010)., -,,, -. (2), (2013)., :. (5), ,,, (2002).. (1), (2000).. (1), ,, (2009). :. (1), Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books. Brennan. K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measures of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp ). New York: Guilford Press. Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010). Parent child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and psychopathology, 22(01), Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship

17 quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., & Waters, E. (1999). The adult attachment Interview and the relationship questionnaire: Relations to reports of mothers and partners. Personal Relationships, 6, Erickson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton. Flores, P. (2004). Addiction as an attachment disorder. Lanham: Jason Aronson Inc. Fouladi, R. T., Moller, N. P., & McCarthy, C. J. (2006). Examination of internal consistency and construct validity of scores on the parental attachment scale: Preliminary psychometric result. American Counseling Association, 39(1), Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). Adult Attachment Interview Protocol. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley. Greenberg, M. T., Seigel, J. M., & Leitch, C. J. (1983). The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), Limke, A., & Mayfield, P. B. (2011). Attachment to God: Differentiating the contributions of fathers and mothers using the experiences in parental relationships scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 39(2), 122. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. C. (1985). Security in infancy, preschool and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research: Monographs of the society for research in child development, 50, Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press. Miner, M. H. (2009). The impact of child-parent attachment, attachment to God and religious orientation on psychological adjustment. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 37(2), Nasser, F., & Takahashi, T. (2003). The effect of using item parcels on ad hoc goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: An example using Sarason's Reactions to Tests. Applied Measurement in Education, 16(1), Paloutzion, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and the quality of life. In L. A. Peplau, D. Permon (Ed). Loneliness: a sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp ). New York: John Wiley & Sones. Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L, B, (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, Phelps, J. L., Belsky, J., & Crnic, K. (1998). Earned security, daily stress and parenting: A comparison of five alternative models. Developmental psychopathology, 10, Proctor, M. T. (1998). Attachment to God: Is it a viable concept? The relationship between attachment to God, child and adult attachment experiences, God concept and the quality and nature of attachment to God.

18 Unpublished thesis, UWS, Australia. Rizzuto, A. M. (2000). The Birth of the Living God: A Psychoanalytic Study ( ). : ( 1979 ). Spielberg, C. D., Corsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. California: Consulting Psycology Press. Wallin, D. J. (2010). [Attachment in Psychotherapy]. (,, ). : ( 2007 ). Wilkinson, R. B. (2008). Development and properties of the adolescent friendship attachment scale. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(10), : : :

19 담학연구 Development and Validation of Early Parental Attachment Scale(EPAS) Torch Trinity Graduate University This study aims to develop and validate Early Parental Attachment Scale(EPAS) that measures early parental attachment of Korean adults. For this purpose, a preliminary scale consisting of 50 questions was developed based on the literature and foreign scales on early parental attachment. After it was approved by professional counselors and Korean language teacher, the scale was used to measure early parental attachment of 241 adults over age of 20 in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, 18 questions - 9 questions on anxiety-ambivalence, and 9 questions on avoidance- were selected. Out of 2 sub-factors, anxietyambivalence measures instability in parental relationships, while avoidance measures distance in parental relationships. Two-factor model was validated after conducting confirmatory factor analysis on 302 adults in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon. Result of correlation between EPAS and related variables, EPAS was positively related to Adult Attachment(ECR-R) and Trait Anxiety(STAI-T), but negatively related to Existential well-being Scale(EWBS), demonstrating convergent and incremental validity. EPAS's internal reliability was paternal attachment anxious-ambivalent.91, avoidant.93. maternal attachment anxious.89, avoidant.90. Finally, implications and limitations of the study were discussed. Key words : early parental attachment, scale development, validation, adult

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