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1 * 1) 2) 1) 2) 1), 1) 2).,,..... *,, ( ) (NRF-2012-S1A3-A ). :,, hsong@yonsei.ac.kr

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-, -, - 65%. 87 56. 56., F(2, 110) = 11.410, p <.001. - (M =.50, SD =.19) - (M =.68, SD =.27) - (M =.69, SD =.20), Fs > 14.81, ps <.

10 -, -, - 65% , F(2, 110) = , p < (M =.50, SD =.19) - (M =.68, SD =.27) - (M =.69, SD =.20), Fs > 14.81, ps <.001 ( 2)., - -, F < 1., - - (ts > 5.15, ps <.001), - (t(55) =.02, p =.987)., , (30%), (70%). - -.

(,, ), 1., r = -.276, p <.05.,, r = 204, p =.147.,, r =.021, p =.888.

11 (,, ), 1., r = -.276, p <.05.,, r = 204, p =.147.,, r =.021, p = (inequality aversion), (Fehr, Bernhard, & Rockenbach, 2008)..,, * a.632 * *. p < 05, **. p <.01, a. p <.05,

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13 2., (r = -.207, p =.067; r = -.202, p =.075), (r = -.249, p <.05).,,, (r =.269, p <.05; r =.273, p <.05; r =.323, p <.01), (r =.308, p <.01)., (r <.177, p >.102)..,. ( )., a *.269* a.273*.308** ** *. p < 05, **. p <.01, a. p <.05,

14 ... (2014) (2014) 1.. (2014), -. ( ) (2014) ( ), -. (Kim, Shimojo, & O Doherty, 2006). (2014) -..,,. (, Trommsdorff, 1991),,., - -. (Dahling et al., 2009). (Bogart, Geis, Levy, & Zimbardo, 1970).

15 .,,,,, (Dahling et al., 2009). (McHoskey, 1999)...,......,...,.,..,., (, ).,..,.

16 (Israel et al., 2009) (Hastings, Zahn-Waxler, & McShane, 2005)...,..,,,..., (2013).. (3), ,,, (2013). :. (3), ,,,,, (2011).. (1), , (2010).. (4), ,,, (2005).. (3), (2004). -. (1), (1998).. (3), (2006). :,,. (4), ,, (2014).. (2), ,, (2012). :. (2),

17 (2011)..., (2010). 5 :. (1), , (2011).,, :. ( ), ,, (2003).. (4), (1998)... Ainsworth, M. S. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34(10), Auyeung, B., Wheelwright, S., Allison, C., Atkinson, M., Samarawickrema, N., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). The children s empathy quotient and systemizing quotient: Sex differences in typical development and in autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(11), Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Bogart, K., Geis, F., Levy, M., & Zimbardo, P. (1970). No dissonance for Machiavellianism. In R. Christie & F. Geis (Eds.), Studies in Machiavellianism (pp ). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss. v. 1, Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. Buckley, N., Siegel, L. S., & Ness, S. (1979). Egocentrism, empathy, and altruistic behavior in young children. Developmental Psychology, 15(3), Carter, A. S., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2006). Manual for the Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) Version 2. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Cassidy, J. (1988). Child-mother attachment and the self in six-year-olds. Child Development, 59(1) Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press. Dahling, J. J., Whitaker, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2009). The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. Journal of management, 35(2), Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. (2006). Prosocial development. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., Vol. 3, pp ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological bulletin, 101(1), Fehr, E., Bernhard, H., & Rockenbach, B. (2008). Egalitarianism in young children. Nature, 454, Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C., & McShane, K. (2005). We are, by nature, moral creatures: Biological bases of concern for others. In M. Killen, & J. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp ). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

18 Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York: Cambridge University Press. Holstein, C. B. (1976). Irreversible, stepwise sequence in the development of moral judgment: A longitudinal study of males and females. Child Development, 47(1), Hur, Y. (2012). J. P. Rushton s contributions to the study of altruism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(3), Israel, S., Lerer, E., Shalev, I., Uzefovsky, F., Riebold, M., Laiba, E., et al. (2009). The oxytocin receptor (OXTR) contributes to prosocial fund allocations in the dictator game and the social value orientations task. PLoS ONE, 4(5), e5535. Kim, H., Shimojo, S., & O'Doherty, J. P. (2006). Is avoiding an aversive outcome rewarding? Neural substrates of avoidance learning in the human brain. PLoS Biology, 4(8), e233. Kraut, R. E., & Price, J. D. (1976). Machiavellianism in parents and their children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(6), Kochanska, G., Forman, D. R., & Coy, K. C. (1999). Implications of the mother-child relationship in infancy for socialization in the second year of life. Infant Behavior & Development, 22(2), McHoskey, J. W. (1999). Machiavellianism, intrinsic versus extrinsic goals, and social interest: A self-determination theory analysis. Motivation and Emotion, 23(4), McHoskey, J. W., Worzel, W., & Szyarto, C. (1998). Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), Miller, P., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/ antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), Ojha, H. (2007). Parent-child interaction and Machiavellian orientation. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 33(2), Paal, T., & Bereczkei, T. (2007). Adult theory of mind, cooperation, Machiavellianism: The effect of mindreading on social relations. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(3), Parikh, B. (1980). Development of moral judgment and its relation to family environmental factors in Indian and American families. Child Development, 51(4), Pavey, L., Greitemeyer, T., & Sparks, P. (2012). I help because I want to, not Because you tell me to : Empathy increases autonomously motivated helping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(5), Robinson, J. L., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Emde, R. N. (1994). Patterns of development in early empathic behavior: Environmental and child constitutional influences. Social Development, 3(2), Rosenhan, D. (1970). The natural socialization of altruistic autonomy. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior. New York: Academic Press. Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R. D., & Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and

19 Individual Differences, 2(4), Rushton, J. P., Fulker, D. W., Neale, M. C., Nias, D. K., & Eysenck, H. J. (1986). Altruism and aggression: The heritability of individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(6), Sagi, A., & Hoffman, M. L. (1976). Empathic distress in the newborn. Developmental Psychology, 12(2), Trommsdorff, G. (1991). Child-rearing and children's empathy. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72(2), Van Lange, P. A. M., Otten, W., De Bruin, E. M. N., & Joireman, J. A. (1997). Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), Walker, L. J., Hennig, K. H., & Krettenauer, T. (2000). Parent and peer contexts for children's moral reasoning development. Child Development, 71(4), Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 44(6), Wrzus, C., Wagner, J., Baumert, A., Neyer, F. J., & Lang, F. R. (2011). Adult parent-child relationships through the lens of social relations analyses: Prosocial personality and reciprocity of support. European Journal of Personality, 25(2), Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J., & Emde, R. N. (1992). The development of empathy in twins. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S. H., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Guthrie, I. K., et al. (2002). The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children s empathy-related responding and social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 73(3), : : :

20 The relationship between mothers altruism in the reinforcement learning task and their children s empathy Eun Young Kim 1) Sunhae Sul 2) Hana Yoo 1) Hackjin Kim 2) Hyun-joo Song 1) 1) Department of Psychology, Yonsei University 2) Department of Psychology, Korea University This study investigated how infants and preschoolers empathy is related to maternal morality. Mothers altruistic behaviors were measured by using the reinforcement learning task in which the mothers learned the association between an ambiguous figure and a reward for either self, other, or both. The mothers also completed self-report questionnaires on altruism, social value orientation, Machiavellism, and children's empathy. The results showed the positive correlation between mothers altruistic behaviors in the reinforcement learning task and their children s empathy. Amoral characteristics of mothers in Machiavellism scale were negatively related to their children s empathy. Mothers with high desire for status tended to have infants with the low level of empathy. Mothers who were willing to manipulate others for their benefit were more likely to have preschoolers who had the low level of empathy. The current research provides new perspectives on how to measure mothers' morality related to the development of children's morally relevant emotions. Key words : morality, altruism, parenting, modeling

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

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