담학연구 (Early Parental Attachment Scale: EPAS). 50.,, 20 241-9, 9 18. -,. 302 2,., - -,,. - -.. -. 7 Likert -.91,.93, -.89,.90.. (Corresponding Author): / / 31 70 Tel: 02-570-7115 / E-mail: zeebee33@naver.com
, (Erickson, 1968)...,.., (Rizzuto, 2000).. (destructive entitlement).... Bowlby(1973) -. (availability) (responsiveness).,, (Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985) (Bowlby, 1973). Bowlby Ainsworth et al., (1978) (the strange situation). (Bowlby, 1973) (Brumariu & Kerns, 2010), (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; Wilkinson, 2008), (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Collins & Read, 1990; Fraley,
Waller, & Brennan, 2000; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985; Hazan & Shaver, 1987). (, 2013; Flores, 2004), (,,, 2010), (,, 2007), (, 2006) (Limke & Mayfield, 2011; Miner, 2009).., - (the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Revised: IPPA-R; Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) - (Parental Bonding Instrument: PBI; Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979), (Adult attachment interview: AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985) (Fouladi, Moller, & McCarthy, 2006). IPPA-R (1998). (1992) PBI, AAI., Bowlby(1973, 1988) IPPA-R,, -,. 15 19. PBI. AAI IPPA-R PBI,, (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). Ainsworth et al.,(1978) 3 (, -, ) Hazan Shaver(1987) 3 (Adult Attachment Questionnaire: AAQ) (,, 2015). (AAQ) (Crowell, Fraley, & Shaver, 1999). ( ),.
,., - (EPAS). - (IPPA-R), (PAM), (AAI), (PAS). IPPA-R Greenberg, Siegel Leitch(1983) Armsden Greenberg(1987) 25 75 5 Likert. IPPA-R,,. (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). (Parental Attachment Measure: PAM) Hazan Shaver(1987) 3 (AAQ) Collins Read(1990) (Adult Attachment Scale: AAS) Proctor(1998) (others) (parents).,, 6 18 5 Likert. AAS (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000),. AAS 17., PAM 17. George, Kaplan, Main(1985) (AAI) 20. 5.,,,, (role-reversing) 5 12. AAI -,,, -.. (Parental Attachment Scale: PAS) (AAI) Fouladi, Moller McCarthy (2006) 23 6 Likert.
, AAI -, (Crowell, Treboux, & Waters, 1999). AAI (quality), (PAS)., (Fouladi, Moller, & McCarthy, 2006),. (EPAS).,,., 20. 50-18.,., (ECR-R), (STAI), (SWBS) (EPAS).,,,, 20 260. 118 (45.3%), 142 (54.7%) 35 (SD = 10.85) 106 (40.8%) 154 (59.2%).,, 318. 136 (42.7%), 182 (57.3%), 33 (SD = 11.71) 164 (51.6%), 114 (35.8%), 40 (12.6%).. AAI George, Kaplan, Main(1985) ( 5-12 ) /. 2016 3 4
. (EPAS) Bowlby(1980) Ainsworth et al., (1978) - (insecure-anxious/ambivalent attachment) (insecure-avoidant attachment). -,. AAI, PAS ( ) -. IPPA-R ( ), PAM. - ( : ( ) ) 50 50 100.. 1 7 7 Likert (Summed rating method)., 2 3. ( ). ( )..,.,, 260, 19 241. (,,, ), - -, (, 2000). (SPSS 20.0), 2-9, 9 18. (Cronbach s α).
,, 312. 18. 302 (AMOS 20.0). EPAS.,. (ECR-R) (SPSS 20.0). - (Experience in Close Relationships Scale-R: ECR-R) ECR-R Brennan, Clark Shaver(1998) Fraley, Waller Brennan(2000). (2004). ECR-R 7 Likert 18 36.,. (2004).89,.85..92.89. (Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI-T) -(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI) Spielberg, Gorsuch, Lushene(1970) (1978). STAI 20(FormX-I) 20(FormX-II) 40.. 4 Likert 7 Likert. (1978).86..90. (Existential well-being: EWB) Paloutzion Ellison(1982) 10,, 10 20 6. (Limke & Mayfield, 2011; Miner, 2009) (Korean-Version).,
..78 (Paloutzion & Ellison, 1982).85. 18, -, Cronbach s α 1 * - - 3 2 4.14 1.51.671 **.912 3.04 1.33.666 **.905 11 4 4.05 1.64.740 **.907 2.93 1.62.762 **.899 13 6 3.48 1.57.743 **.907 2.93 1.42.725 **.901 29 8 5.02 1.41.759 **.905 3.98 1.56.786 **.896 35 10 3.44 1.54.787 **.903 2.93 1.38.795 **.895 38 14 4.35 1.61.828 **.900 3.47 1.50.796 **.895 41 16 4.07 1.57.833 **.899 3.46 1.53.836 **.891 45 18 3.58 1.62.766 **.905 3.05 1.49.743 **.900 50 12 3.70 1.68.804 **.902 3.26 1.49.725 **.901 2 1 2.29 1.35.721 **.855 2.71 1.70.645 **.835 10 3 2.49 1.64.573 **.877 2.37 1.64.517 **.851 14 7 2.49 1.49.795 **.846 2.76 1.44.697 **.823 22 5 2.11 1.23.709 **.856 2.07 1.18.678 **.825 28 9 2.52 1.39.793 **.846 2.67 1.35.769 **.813 34 11 2.03 1.28.710 **.856 1.97 1.31.747 **.816 40 15 2.14 1.21.755 **.851 2.09 1.21.736 **.818 44 17 2.20 1.35.740 **.852 2.19 1.40.768 **.813 49 13 3.14 1.50.581 **.872 3.35 1.51.539 **.845 3.18 1.47 2.84 1.44. **p <.01, * p. 11 2
. -() 2.38(3.98).97(1.21), -() 2.46(3.23).94(1.12). - -.57.80,.67.83, -.52.77,.67.84. -.87.91 -.84.90.. 50 2 -.30 5 45. KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) Bartlett, KMO =.905, = 2246.245(p<.001), KMO =.899, = 2164.302(p<.001) (, 1998). Direct Oblimin (, 2000). (Eigenvalue) 1 7 (SPSS 20.0),, 2. (Cronbach α) 8 2. 35.10, - 9, 9 18. 241 -.25.78 21.7%.61.84 32.3% 2 54.0%. -.36.78 17.0%.61.86 36.8% 53.8%. 302 ( ) -.46.82 (.42.85) 27.1%(22.6%),.65.86(.47.87) 36.4%(34.8%) 63.5%(57.4%)., 18 2. 2 1-1 1-2. EPAS (ECR-R),,. (SPSS 20.0), - -.. -,. 3 EPAS.
16 ( )..86.04.87.17 4 ( )..83.05.65.09 10 ( )..82.03.76.17 14 ( )..81.14.81.06 8 ( )..78.15.79.18 12 ( )..77.02 74.46 6 ( )..73.10.65.16 18 ( )..69.12.67.16 2 ( )..65.01.47.10 15 ( )..07.82.11.85 9 ( )..14.82.06.72 11 ( ) ()..11.80.15.73 17 ( )..07.79.10.73 7 ( )..01.76.14.72 1 ( )..10.72.19.61 5 ( )..18.71.12.67 13 ( )..28.64.22.65 3 ( )..15.46.19.43 6.55 4.87 6.27 4.06 (%) 36.40 63.47 34.82 57.38. ( ) 302., (134) = 520.06, p<.001, TLI =.88, CFI =.89, RMSEA =.098, (134) = 579.47, p<.001, TLI =.83, CFI =.85, RMSEA =.105..43.86, 48.83. - -
.63.81,.70.86, -.61.80,.59.82. 4-1 4-2.. 2-1 2-2. - - - - -.130 - -.660 **.117 * -.066.424 **.228 ** -.430 **.185 **.484 **.098 -.274 **.149 *.248 **.233 **.322 ** -.182 **.236 **.339 **.269 **.632 **.456 ** - -.182 ** -.225 ** -.326 ** -.346 ** -.521 ** -.475 ** -.780 ** - M 2.57 4.23 2.81 3.33 3.18 3.65 3.46 4.25 SD.1.01 1.18 1.07 1.05.94.76.80.74.91.93.89.90.92.89.90.85. *p <.05, **p <.01 df TLI CFI RMSEA(90% ) 520.066 134.88.89.098(.089.107)
df TLI CFI RMSEA(90% ) 579.476 134.83.85.105(.096.114).
(EPAS). - Ainsworth et al.,(1978) Brennan, Clark, Shaver(1998) EPAS - 2. -,..,,. 2..42.87. 2. 4.0, ( = 63.47, = 57.38) 2..43.86. TLI, CFI.90 RMSEA.10 (, 2000). (item parceling) (Nasser & Takahashi, 2003), - (r=.59.86, p<.01) (.43.86) - 2.., (n=241) -.87.91 -.84.90. (n=302) -.91.93 -.89.90..84.88 EPAS., 3. -, (,, 2012; Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).,.. - (r=.23, p<.01), - (Limke & Mayfield, 2011) (r=.46, p<.01).
,. -.,.. (,,, 2014;,, 2010;, 2013),.. -. - (Ainsworth et al., 1978), - (,,, 2014; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).., (,, 2003;, 2013; Limke & Mayfield, 2011; Miner, 2009)..,. - (PBI). PBI..,. (, 2002; Limke & Mayfield, 2011).. (M = 3.33) (M = 4.23).
.,. (Wallin, 2010). Bowlby(1980) 2. (AIA) 40 70% (Phelps, Belsky, & Crnic, 1998).,, 2,..,.,,,.,,.,.,... (2004).,.,, (2014).. (3), 1277-1297., (1978). STAI. (10), 1223-1229.,, (2014)., -. (4), 339-359., (2015).. (1), 131-149. (2006). :,
. (1), 33-60., (2003).. (4), 765-778. (1992). - (Parental Bonding Instrument):., 979-989., (2012). :. (4), 1921-1935. (1998).. :. (1998)..,. (2000).. :. (2013)..,., (2007).. (4), 17-32., (2010)., -,,, -. (2), 385-411. (2013)., :. (5), 3065-3087.,,, (2002).. (1), 93-124. (2000).. (1), 161-177.,, (2009). :. (1), 67-86. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427-454. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books. Brennan. K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measures of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press. Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010). Parent child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and psychopathology, 22(01), 177-203. Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship
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담학연구 Development and Validation of Early Parental Attachment Scale(EPAS) Torch Trinity Graduate University This study aims to develop and validate Early Parental Attachment Scale(EPAS) that measures early parental attachment of Korean adults. For this purpose, a preliminary scale consisting of 50 questions was developed based on the literature and foreign scales on early parental attachment. After it was approved by professional counselors and Korean language teacher, the scale was used to measure early parental attachment of 241 adults over age of 20 in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, 18 questions - 9 questions on anxiety-ambivalence, and 9 questions on avoidance- were selected. Out of 2 sub-factors, anxietyambivalence measures instability in parental relationships, while avoidance measures distance in parental relationships. Two-factor model was validated after conducting confirmatory factor analysis on 302 adults in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon. Result of correlation between EPAS and related variables, EPAS was positively related to Adult Attachment(ECR-R) and Trait Anxiety(STAI-T), but negatively related to Existential well-being Scale(EWBS), demonstrating convergent and incremental validity. EPAS's internal reliability was paternal attachment anxious-ambivalent.91, avoidant.93. maternal attachment anxious.89, avoidant.90. Finally, implications and limitations of the study were discussed. Key words : early parental attachment, scale development, validation, adult