: *. 4 537,,,.,,,..,.,.,,,,.. *. (Corresponding Author): / / 815 Tel: 010-3260-3605 / E-mail: kimnami75@syu.ac.kr
. (, ), ( ), ( ), ( ) (Steinhardt & Dolbier, 2008). (2002).,,,,.,,, 40-50%.,.,,, (Yi, Smith, Vitaliano, 2005),, (, 2008;, 2010;, 2012,, 2004). 2009 19-29 34.6%, 13.3%, 2007 28%,, 9.7% (, 2011). 85.4% (72.4%), (65.6%),, (62.0%), (48.8%), (15.4%), 5 3 57.2%(, 2012 ).. (2006), (2006) Ryff(1989). (2004),,,,, 5. (2005). (2012) Ryff,., 6 (,, )
(,,, 2001;, 1999; Ryff, 1989),,,, (Heidrich & Ryff, 1993; Kling, Ryff, & Esses, 1997; Schmute & Ryff, 1997)... (Visani et al., 2011,, 2012), (, 2010), (2007). (2006)..(, 2006;, 2008). Segrin (2007),,,. Lam (2010). Gardner Parkinson(2011),,,,,,. (2012),,,,.,,. (Cohen & Syme, 1985; Lam, 2010; Gardner & Parkinson, 2011; Segrin, 2009;, 1985;,, 2012). (1985),,,,
. 4,,,.,,,,,.,. Cohen Wills(1985),,. (Dougall, Hyman, Hayward, McFeeley, & Baum, 2001). (,, 2012;, 2012). Block(1980). Rutter(1985). (2006),,,.. (2003),. (2008). (2012).. (2005),.,,,. (2006) (resilience).,. (ego-resilience), (resilience-
)., (Block & Kremen, 1996). (Rutter, 1985), -,,, (Egeland et al., 1993). (2012),,,.,. (2011),, (Garmezy, 1993; Higgins, 1994; Luthar & Zigler, 1991; Newman, 2005; Wicks, 2005). Masten(2001), (Rutter, 1985),, (Waters & Sroufe, 1983), (Polk, 1997). (,,, 2009;,,, 2005;, 2006)., Reivich Shatte(2003).,.,.,,.,.,,.,,..
(Reivich & Shatte, 2002: Seligman, 1990).,,,,,,,,, (Masten & Reed, 2002). PRP(The Penn Resilience Program),,,,,,, (Gillham, Reivich, & jaycox, 2008). APEX (Gillham et al., 1991; Reivich, Shatte, & Gillham, 2003). PRP APEX MRT(Master Resilience Trainer). 10 (Reivich, Seligman, & Mcbride, 2011).,. (2003). (2003),,,. (2004). (2010),..,,.... 1.,,,?
2.? 3.? 4 537. 1, 3... 700 537., (2000). 8 ( 5, 6, 6, 6,, 7, 7, 8, 5 ) 50, Likert 4..924.81-.89. Ryff PWBS(Psychological Well-Being Scale), (2001). (8 ), (8 ), (8 ), (7 ), (7 ) 6 46 Likert 6.,..907,.66-.80. Reivech Shatte (2010). (Resilience Quotient Test: RQT) 56,,,,,, 7. 8, 4 4. Likert 5,..893,.52-.70.
(1985) (2012). (6 ), (9 ), (4 ), (5 ), 25, Likert 5..971,.86-.92.,, PASW 18.0.,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,. 1 43.2%, 56.8%, 1 ( ) (%) 232 43.2 305 56.8 1 185 34.5 2 147 27.4 3 112 20.9 4 93 17.3 208 38.7 251 46.7 78 9.1 34.5%, 2 27.4%, 3, 20.9%, 4 17.3%.,,. 2 (r=-.48, p<01), (r=-.18, p<01), (r=-.36, p<01).. (r=.42 p<01), (r=.71, p<01).. (r=.51, p<01). (r=.71, p<01).
1.000 - - - -0.478** 1.000 - - -0.182** 0.422** 1.000 - -0.362** 0.707** 0.507** 1.000 **p<.01 *p <.05,, 1. 3,. 1 (-267.), (-.262), (-.201),,. (.128) (.691)..257. 1 5%. 3,,,..,
(p ) (p ) (p ) SMC 0.639-0.284(0.001**) -0.233(0.001**) -0.516(0.001**) 0.179(0.001**) 0.428(0.001**) 0.428(0.001**) 0.543(0.001**) 0.543(0.001**) 0.040-0.199(0.001**) -0.199(0.001**) 0.332-0.272(0.001**) -0.091(0.001**) -0.362(0.001**) 0.457(0.001**) 0.457(0.001**) **p<.01 *p <.05,.,,,,. 5%.. 4, 5. t-value p-value ( ) 2.576.103 25.101.000.127.067.193 1.886.060.247.059.358 4.203 <.001*.007.062.010.108.914 -.015.054 -.022 -.280.780 0.278 **p<.01 *p <.05
t-value p-value ( ).899.124 7.270 <.001.002.033.002.061.951.128.036.129 3.588 <.001**.286.039.293 7.335 <.001**.098.036.107 2.700.007**.071.030.079 2.340.020**.192.041.203 4.647 <.001**.150.034.173 4.402 <.001** 0.578 **p<.01 *p <.05, 0.247 p-value <0.001 5%.,,, 0.278(, 27.8%). 5 5%,,,..,,,,,, 0.578(, 57.8%). Estimate(S.E) Estimate(S.E) C.R -0.187(0.106) -0.391(0.078) -1.550-0.194(0.046) -0.195(0.039) -0.019-0.294(0.043) -0.218(0.037) 1.330 0.112(0.035) 0.165(0.027) 1.195 0.309(0.034) 0.220(0.029) -2.000* 0.667(0.063) 0.709(0.057) 0.493 **: p<.01 *: p <.05
6.,..,..,, (-.267), (-.201), (-.262),,. (.128) (.691),..257... (2006), (2010). (2010). (, 1985; Cohen, & Hoberman, 1993; Lam, 2010; Gardner & Parkinson, 2011; Segrin, 2009;, 2012;,, 2012;,, 2012). (2012), (2012)., Steinhardt Dolbier(2008),,,, APEX Preoject,,. (2001), (1996).
Werner(1989),,,.,.,,.. (2012),,,...,.. Schuh(2007).,,,.,. (Anthony, 1974; 1987; Gonzalez & Padilla, 1997; Germezy, 1983; Phinney & Haas, 2003; Rutter, 1987; 1989; Werner, 1993; Werner & Smith, 1982). Kauai,,,, (Werner, 1989). (2011).. (Schuh, 2007; Steinhardt & Dolbier, 2008; Gillham, Reivich, & Jaycox, 2008; Gillham et al., 1991; Reivich, Shatte, & Gillham, 2003), (2012)
.,,.,. (2012), (2002).,.,. 4 (,,, ) 5%. (2008),. 5%,,,,.. (2012). (2011),... (Bandura, 1997) (Diener, 1994). (Bandura et al., 2003; Barlow, Wright, & Cullen, 2002; Kuijer & de Ridder, 2003; Faure & Loxton, 2003;,,,, 2005;,,, 2011),.
.,,,. (, 2012)..,.,,,,..,..,,., (, 2012).. (2009).
,. (2008).,. (2008).,. (2010).,. (2006).,. (2010).,., (2012).. (1), 89-101. (2006).,.,,,, (2011). :. (4), 1371-1390.,, (2001). :. (2), 19-39. (2012)..,. (2011).,., 8-32.,, (2004).. :. (2010).,. (2003).. 21.,,, (2005). :,. (2), 143-181. (2008).,., (2010).. (2), 891-901. (2010)..,. (2005). :. (3), 71-92. (1985).,. (2006).,.,,,,,,,,, (2002).,,
. (6), 792-802.,, (2011).,. (4), 333-346.,, (2009).. (4), 131-150.,, (2005).,,. (5), 123-132. (2006). :. (2012).,. (1), 29-57., (2012). -. (3), 1481-1499. (2012)..,.,,,,, (2011). - -. (4), 781-797., (2001).. (2), 31-45., (2005).. (12), 161-206. (2004).,. (1999).. 575-595. (2004).. (3), 321-337. (2012).,,. (3), 223-235. (2007)..,. (2006).. (2), 45-67. (2011). 2009, 55. Anthony, E. J. (1974). The child in his family: Children at psychiatric risk. New York: Wiley. Anthony, E. J. (1987). The invulnerable child. New York: Guilford Press. Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Gerbino, M., Pastorelli, C. (2003). Role of affective selfregulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 74, 769-782. Barlow, J., Wright C., & Cullen, L. (2002). A jobseeking self-efficacy sale for people with physical disabilities: Preliminary development and psychometric testing. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 30(1), 37-53. Bernard, B. (1993). Fostering resilience in kids. Educational Leadership, 51, 444-498. Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of egocontrol and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, 13, 39-101. Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical
connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349-361. Cohen, S., & Syme, L. S. (1985). Social support and health. New York: Academic Press. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis, Psychological Bulletin, 98, 301-357. Diener (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. Dugall, A. L., Hyman, M. C., Mcfeelley, S., & Baum, A. (2001). Optimism and traumatic stress: The importance of stress and coping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 223-245. Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1993). Resilience as process. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 517-528. Gardner, D. H., & Parkinson, T. J. (2011). Optimism, self-resilience, and social, or is it support as mediators of the relationships among workload, stress and wellbeing in Veterinary students. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 38(1), 60-66. Garmezy, N. (1993). Children at poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56, 127-136. Gillham, J. E., Jaycox, L. H., Reivich, K. J., Hollon, S. D., Freeman, A., DeRubeis, R. J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). The APEX Project: Manual for group leaders. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania. Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., & Jaycox, L. H. (2008). The Penn Resiliency Program (also known as the Penn Depression Prevention Program and the Penn Optimism Program). Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania. Kuijer, R. G. & de Ridder, D. (2003). Discrepancy in illness-related goals and quality of life in chronically ill patient: the role of self-efficacy. Psychology and Health, 18, 313-330. Lam, J. G., Wong, W. S., Mary, S. M., Lam, K. F., & Pang, S. L. (2010). Psychological well-being of interns in Hong Kong; What causes them stress and what helps them. Medical Teacher, 32(3), 120-126. Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp.74-88). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience process in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238. Polk, L. V. (1997). Toward a middle-range theory of resilience. Advances in Nursing Science, 19(3), 1-13. Reivich, K., Seligman, M. E. P., & McBride, S. (2011). Master resilience training in the U. S. Army. American Psychologist, 66(1), 25-34. Reivich, K., Shatte, A., & Gillham, J. (2003). Penn resilience training for college students: Leader s guide and participant s guide. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania. Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147(26), 1-11. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychological resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 147, 598-611. Rutter, M. (1989). Isle of Wight revisited: Twenty-five years of child psychiatric epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 633-653. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it?
Explorations the meaing of psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081. Schmute, P. S., & Ryff, C. D. (1997). Personality and well-being: What is the connection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 549-559. Schuh, J. H. (2007). Building educational resilience and social support; The effects of the educational opportunity fund program among first- and second-generation college students. Journal of College Student Development, 48(5), 574-584. Segrin, C., Hanzal, A., Donnerstein, C., Taylor, M., & Domschke, T. J. (2007). Perceived stress, psychological well-being, and the mediating role of social skills. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 20(3), 321-329. Steinhardt, M., & Dolbier, C. (2008). Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. Journal of American College Health, 56(4), 445-453. Waters, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Social competence as developmental construct. Developmental Review, 3, 79-97. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw Hill. Werner, E. E. (1989). High risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to age 32. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 72-78. Werner, E. E. (1993). Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 503-515. Yi, J. P., Smith R. E., & Vitaliano, P. P. (2005). Stress-resilience, illness, and coping: a person focused investigation of young women athletes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 257-265. : 2013. 2. 15. : 2013. 4. 02. : 2013. 4. 19.
Mediation Effects of Social Support and Resilience between Life Stress and Psychological Well-Being Among Korean College Students Sahmyook University This study explored mediation effects of social support and resilience to increase psychological well-being among Korean college students who experience life stress. The data from the total number of 537 college students in 4 universities of Seoul area were collected and analyzed about life stress, social support, resilience and psychological well-being. The results are as follows. First, life stress had a negative influence on social support, resilience and psychological well-being, and social support and resilience had a positive influence on psychological well-being. The total effect shows that the influence on resilience is the most effective. Second, the only the path from social support to resilience has the meaningful difference on male and female students. Third, the results that analyzed the influences of social support and resilience sub factors on psychological well-being shows that resilience is more influencial than social support. Among 4 social support sub factors, only evaluative support is valid. Among 6 resilience sub factors, optimism, self-efficacy, reaching out and impulse control are valid. Finally, this study discussed educational implications for the ways to increase psychological well-being for college students. Key words : life stress, resilience, social support, psychological well-being