Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: : * The Development

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1 Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: : * The Development and Effectiveness of Character Strengths Enhancement Program Based on Positive Psychology: Focused on the Effect Self-determination Ability and Well-being of Middle School Students with Mild Intellectual Disability Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop positive psychology-based character strengths enhancement program for middle school students with mild intellectual disabilities and to verify the effectiveness of self-determination ability and improvement of well-being after applying the program. Method: Program development was based on the six virtues and 24 strengths of the Peterson and Seligman(2004) s Virtues on Action(VIA) system. Then, the stages of examination, analysis, design, construction, and application were proceeded based on program development models such as Park, In-Woo(1995). Verification of effect was 20 middle school students with mild intellectual disabilities in 7 schools in K-do and 10 students were classified into experiment group and the other 10 students were classified into control group, and each group was analyzed based on the pre- and post self-determination ability and well-being. Results: The content of the program consisted of representative strengths, self-control, optimism, gratitude, social intelligence, kindness, forgiveness, immersion, appreciation, and health and consisted of recognition and utilization strategies of character strengths, 40 minutes per session 28 sessions. The character strengths enhancement program was effective in enhancing the self determination ability and well-being of middle school students with mild intellectual disabilities. Conclusion: This study has meaningful implications in that it aimed to develop a program based on character strengths from the VIA classification system and verify the effectiveness, then suggest activity programs usable in real fields utilizing strengths of positive psychology as well as complementing and treating weaknesses(deficiencies) in middle school students with mild intellectual disabilities. Key words : Character Strengths Enhancement Program, Positive Psychology, Self-determination ability, Well-being, Mild Intellectual Disability * 1(2019). Corresponding Author: Shin, Jin-Sook. Changwon National University, Dept. of Special Education, Changwon, daehakro20 Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea, sjsj5031@hanmail.net

2 . UN 2012,. (2017) 2,, 3 (OECD), 22 20(88), (, 2017)., (,, 2014). (, 2016).,,, (Seligman, 2002).. Seligman 2000,,,,.,,,,,,, (, 2013; Seligman, 2005)., (, 2013; Seligman, 2002, 2005). (, 2009;, 2013). (Character strengths),, (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). (, 2016;, 2014;, 2016), (, 2010; Yearly, 1990). (Peterson, 2006), (, 2010), (Peterson & Seligman, 2004).

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13 1) 자기결정능력에미치는효과 (1) 자기결정능력 ( 자아인식, 자아존중, 계획하기, 일반적자기결정 ) 의변화검증 (ANCOVA) 30 Shapiro-wilk test 0.96, , 0.43, (p>0.05)., < -1>. M(SD) M(SD) M.SE (0.46) 3.40(0.37) (0.42) 2.61(0.39) (0.65) 3.63(0.38) (0.57) 3.07(0.51) (0.54) 3.44(0.43) (0.42) 2.52(0.39) (0.53) 2.98(0.36) (0.59) 2.15(0.54) (0.52) 3.90(0.57) (0.47) 3.00(0.82) , < -2>. F ** ***

14 ( ) F ** ** ** *** ** *** * ** * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001 (F(1,17)=39.052, p<.001). (F(1,17)=14.985, p<.01), (F(1,17)=38.604, p<.001), (F(1,17)=20.673, p<.001), (F(1,17)=14.892, p<.01).,,,. (2) 자기결정능력 ( 행동하기, 결과평가 ) 변화검증 (Ranked ANCOVA),, < -3, -4>.

15 F *** *** *** p<.001, < -4> (F(1,18)=22.690, p<.001) (F(1,18)= , p<.001).. 2) 안녕감에미치는효과 (1) 안녕감 ( 사회적안녕감 ) 변화검증 (ANCOVA) 30 Shapiro-wilk test, 0.63, , 0.50 (p>0.05)., < -5>. M(SD) M(SD) M.SE (.55) 3.93(.47) (.59) 3.41(.60) (.50) 3.90(.64) (.72) 3.32(.73)

16 < -6>. F *** *** *** ** ** p<.01, *** p<.001, (F(1,17)=36.232, p<.001). (F(1,17)=11.789, p<.01).. (2) 주관적 심리적안녕감변화검증 (Ranked ANCOVA),, < -7, -8> F * * * p<.05

17 , (F(1,18)=7.550, p<.05)(f(1,18)=5.396, p<.05).....,,, (2016), (2014),,, (2012), (2016). VIA 24 (1995),,,,,,. Peterson Seligman(2004) VIA., (, 2014;, 2016;, 2010;, 2017).,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,.., ,, (2012) 90 8.

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20 ., (, 2016;, 2013; Emmons & McCullough, 2003; Lyubomirsky, 2008), (, 2014),, (, 2010; Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2006)., (, 2013; Lyubomirsky, 2008),,, (, 2013;,,, 2017;, 2009; McCullough, Pargament, & Thoresen, 2000).. (, 2014;, 2009; Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005).,,,..,, 2000,,,,.,.,.,., (Seligman, Rashid, & Park, 2006), 1 (,, 2014;, 2010).

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26 McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (Eds.) (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Guilford. Mithaug, D. E. (1996). Equal Opportunity Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Niemiec ( ) The New IEP: Using Strengths to Set Goals intl/blog/what-matters-most/201604/the-new-iep-using-strengths-set-goals Niemiec, R. M., Shogren, K. A., & Wehmeyer, M. L. (2017). Character Strengths and Intellectual and Developmental Disability: A Strengths-Based Approach from Positive Psychology. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 52(1), Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth. Journal of Adolescence 29, Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2008). Positive psychology and character strengths: Application to Strengths-based school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 12(2), /psc.n Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Peterson C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press and Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation. social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), // x Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness..,, (2014). :. Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Orientation to happiness and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish..,, (2011). :. Seligman, M. E. P., Rashid, T., & Park, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychology, 61, Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical

27 validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, x Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, Shogren, K. A., Wehmeyer, M. L., & Singh, N. N. (2017). Handbook of Positive Psychology in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilitie: Translating Research into Practice. New York: Springer / Ward, M. J., & Kohler, P. D. (1996). Teaching self-determination: Content and process. In L. E. Powers, G. H.S. Singer, & J. A. Sowers (Eds.). On the road to autonomy: Promoting self-competence in children and youth with disabilities (pp ). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Wehmeyer, M. L. (1996). Self-determination as an educational outcome: Why is it important to children, youth and adults with disabilities? In D.J. Sands & M. L. Wehmeyer(Eds.), Selfdetermination across the life span: Independence and choice for people with disabilities(17-36). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Wehmeyer, M. L. (2013). The Oxford handbook of positive psychology and disability. New York: Oxford University Press. Wehmeyer, M. L. (2015). Framing the future: self-determination. Remedial and Special Education, 36, Wehmeyer, M. L., & Shogren, K. A. (2016). Handbook of Research-Based Practices for Educating Students with Intellectual Disability. Routledge. Wheeler, J. J., & Richey, D. D. (2005). Behavior Management principles and practices of Positive Behavior Supports. Person/Merrill/Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio. Yearly, L. H. (1990). Mencius and Aquinas: Theories of virtue and conceptions of courage. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. : / : / :

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Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social