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1 Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: A Longitudinal Study between Directors Leadership Perceived by Teachers, Teachers Efficacy and Young Children Happiness Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify change profile between directors` leadership, teachers` efficacy, young children` happiness, and to provide basic data for promoting young children` happiness by analyzing longitudinal change profile. Method: longitudinal data of PSKC provided by KICCE. The research objects were 688 young children from 6 regional area in korea. Results: First, teachers` efficacy and young children` happiness showed significant change. Those variables selected a linear change model as it has increased from time passes. Second, the initial status of directors` leadership, the initial status and the rate of change of teachers` efficacy showed significant direct influence to the initial status and the rates of change of young children` happiness. The initial status and the rates of change of teachers` efficacy were found partial mediating effects between the initial status of directors` leadership and the initial status and the rates of change of young children` happiness. Conclusion: The results indicate that effort to promote director s leadership and teachers` efficacy is needed to promote young children` happiness. Key words : directors` leadership, teachers` efficacy, young children` happiness, multivariate latent growth model Corresponding Author: Suh, Won-Suk. Pusan National University, Dept. of Early childhood Education, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Korea, stevekorea86@gmail.com

2 . (, 2011;, 2014;, 2016). (,, 2017). (,, 2017), (, 2015). (2013). (, 2011;, 2013;, 2015), (,, 2017a). ( 4-5 ),, Adler(2011, 2014). (,, 2017b). (, 2011;, 2015). (,, 2011;,, 2013) (,, 2017;,, 2017;, 2013;,, 2017c) (,, 2016;, 2008;, 2017;, 2016).., (,, 2017).

3 (,, 2009; Meyer & Allen, 1997), (,, 2016;,, 2017). (, 2015;,,, 2015;,, 2017; Barbuto & Wheeler, 2006), (, 2002;,, 2017a, 2017c) (, 2013)., (2014) ( ) 27.8%, 11.6%., (2016). 5,, - (2016) -. (, 2013),. (,, 2017a; Ashton, 1984; Riggs & Enochs, 1990) (,, 2017c) - (, 2011;, 2015), (,, 2014;, 2016)...,. (2008) (2015)

4 . (2016).,. (, 2014;,, 2014),.. (,,, 2016;, 2016),. Bronfenbrenner(1979),,,. (, 2011;, 2015;,, 2017a). (,, 2014;, 2016). (2015) Bronfenbrenner(1992),,,.,..

5 ,?,?. (KICCE) (PSKC) 2013 (6 )-2015 (8 ) ( ) , 4 (6 ) 6(8 ).., < -1>. n % n % ) 기관장의리더십 (DLS-T: Director Leadership Scale for Teacher) (2004) DLS(Director Leadership Scale).,,, 10,,, 10, 20

6 , 5 Likert.,.949,.885, ) 교사효능감 (TES-T: Teacher Efficacy Scale for Teacher) 2013 (6 )-2014 (7 ) Bandura(2006) TSES(Teacher Self-efficacy Scale) (2008) - Bredekamp(1985) Holloway Reichhart-Erickson(1988) ECOI(Early Childhood Observation Instrument) (1991). (6-7 ) 13, 7, 4, 5, 29, , 5 Likert. 2015(8 ) (2010),,, (2012). (8 ) 9, 5 Likert., , 7.850, , 7.917, 6.837, 7.870, ) 아동행복감 (HS-YC: Happiness Scale for Young Children) Lyubomirsky Lepper(1999) SHS (Subjective Happiness Scale) (2014) MCS(2008) OHS(Overall Happiness Scale). 4, 6, 10, Level 4 Likert. 7 Likert,. 5 Likert, , 8.668,

7 8.669,.748 (, 2017). Cronbach s α 2013(6 ) 2014(7 ) 2015(8 ) 10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, , 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, , 2, 3, , 6, 7, 8, 9, (KICCE) 2008 (PSKC) (data mining), Excel 2016, SPSS AMOS 24.0 program., (6-8 ),. (M) (SD), ( SKEW 2) ( KURT 4). pearson s (r),., x 2 (p>.05), CMIN/df(4.0 ), IFI(0.9 ), TLI(0.9 ), CFI(0.9 ), RMSEA(0.08 ) (, 2017) (9 ) (least square method)

8 ., (full information maximum likelihood method) (MLGM). Holmbeck(1997) Δx 2,,, Sobel-test(Sobel, 1982).. 1) 연구변인의기술통계,, < -1>. M SD SKEW KURT M SD SKEW KURT (8 ) (6 ) (7 ) (7 ) (8 ) (8 ) , 8 M=3.93(SD=.65). 6 M=4.04(SD=.33), 7 M=4.07(SD=.38), 8 M=4.34(SD=.47) M=4.02(SD=.26), 8 M=4.34(SD=.29). (FIMLM) (MLGM). SKEW 2, KURT 4..

9 2) 연구변인들간상관관계,, < -2>, < -3>. (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) 1 (8 ).69 ** 1 (8 ).94 **.90 ** 1 (8 ).42 **.51 **.50 ** 1 (8 ) (8 ) *.28 ** 1 (8 ) **.76 ** 1 * p<.05, ** p<.01 (8 ) (8 ) (7 ) (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) (7 ) (8 ) (8 ) (8 ) 1 (8 ).69 ** 1 (8 ).94 **.90 ** 1 (6 ) (7 ) * 1 (8 ).42 **.51 **.50 ** (7 ) (8 ) ** 1 (8 ) * ** 1 (8 ) **.84 **.76 ** 1 * p<.05, ** p<.01, (8 ) (8 ) (r=.09, p<.05), (8 ) (8 ) (r=.50, p<.01).

10 ,.,.,, (, 2015)..,.09~.50.80, p<.05. 3) 연구변인의측정시기별변화함수추정 < -1>, < -2>., (Duncan & Duncan, 2004). 3. (LGM) (intercept) (node) (parameter) 1, 1 (Slope) , 1, 2 (, 2017).

11 < -1>, < -2> < -4>. x 2 df CMIN/df IFI TLI CFI RMSEA p> , CMIN/df= , IFI=-245, TLI=-35.0, CFI=.000, RMSEA=.272, CMIN/df=7.236, IFI=.999, TLI=.999, CFI=.999, RMSEA=.045. CMIN/df= , IFI=-.209, TLI=.396, CFI=.000, RMSEA=1.366, CMIN/df=2.501, IFI=.999, TLI=.999, CFI=.999, RMSEA=.035.,., < -5>. (Means) (Variances) (Intercept), (Slope) (Intercept) (Slope) (Intercept) (Slope) ***.152 *** * (S.E.=.006) ***.323 ***.066 ***.129 *** -.056(S.E.=.004) *** * p<.05, *** p<.001 : y :, : I, :, : error, 3.999(p<.001)

12 ,.152(p<.001), (p<.05).007(p>.05), (p<.001),.323(p<.001), (p<.001),.129(p<.001),...008(p>.05), -.056(p<.001),. p<.001. < -3>., Holmbeck(1997) (full model) (partial model) Δx 2, Δx 2 = ( ) ( )= , 2 Δx x 2 df CMIN/df IFI TLI CFI RMSEA (full model) (partial model) p>

13 (partial model) CMIN/df= , x 2 (golden standard), (Goodwin & Goodwin, 1999; Schmidt & Hunter, 1996), IFI=.975, TLI=.923, CFI=.975. < -7>. B β S.E. t(p) *** *** *** *** * ** *** *** * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001

14 ,., (β=.897, p<.001), (β=-.982, p<.001), (β=5.422, p<.001), (β =-5.960, p<.001).,. (β=.085, p<.05), (β=-.101, p<.01).,. (β=5.636, p<.001), (β=-6.188, p<.001)..,, < -8>. * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p< *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * * ** ** *** *** *** *** 5.422(p<.001), (-.982) 5.636=-5.457(p<.001), -.035(p>.05) (p<.001),.879 (-.101)+(-.982) (-6.188)=5.984(p<.001),.024(p>.05).

15 . Sobel-test, < -9>. A B Z-value P-value B S.E. B S.E * ** *** ***.000 * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001 Sobel-test, Z=2.216(p<.05), Z=-3.616(p<.001), Z=-2.447(p<.01), Z=3.722(p<.001).,,., (β=5.636, p<.001)....,,

16 ,.,. (, 2014), (Peterson, Park, & Seligman, 2005; Scheier & Carver, 1992; Schwartz et al., 2002). (,, 2009), (,, 2012). (, 2017),., (,, 2017;,, 2017,,, 2017b, 2017c) (2011). (, 2015;,, 2017),. (,, 2017;,, 2017b, 2017c). (2017),.,,

17 .,. (,, 2017a), (,,, 2016;, 2015).,, (,, 2017;,, 2017c).,,,.,., (2015), (2016) (, 2008).,. (, 2015;,, 2017;,, 2017;, 2013;,, 2017b, 2017c),. (MLGM)

18 (, 2015).. (,, 2017;,, 2016).. (, 2010;, 2015). (,,, 2002;,,,,, 2002) 4..,.,,,,, (, 2017;,,,, 2015). 3-5 (,, 2010;,, 2008), (, 2009). (,, 2010;,, 2013), (, 2009;,, 2011). (Ward, Vaughn, & Robb, 1988) (Adler, 2011, 2014), (,, 2016), (,, 2014), (, 2017).,.

19 . (+),.,. (, 2015) (, 2015).. - (, 2011) (,, 2016),. (Bronfenbrenner, 1979),,,... (, 2011;, 2015;, 2015). (2015). (, 2015),.

20 .,. -,.,,,, (Bronfenbrenner, 1992).. (,, 2012;, 2015)..,. (,, 2017)...., 8 1..,. ().,

21 Bronfenbrenner(1979).,..,.., 9.,.,. (IRT)., (2011).. (3), (2009) (2014) (2015).. (1), doi: /kjece (2011)., -.. (2002)..., (2009).,. (4), , (2010).. (2), ,, (2016).,,. (3), doi: /kjece

22 (2017). :., (2008).. (6), (1991)... (2013).. (3), doi: / kjece ,,,,,, (2004). :., (2008). Bandura (Teacher Self-efficacy Scale). (2), doi: /kjece ,,,,, (2015).. (2), , (2016).. (2), doi: /kjece , (2016).. (2), doi: /jhrmr (2011).. (10), , (2016).,, -. (1), (2015).. (2), ,, (2002)., :. (2), ,,,, (2002).. (1), , (2017).. (4), doi: /koaece ,,, (2012). :. (2008).,,. (1), doi: /

23 tjkte (2014).. (3), , (2014).. (1), doi: /kjece (2015). :,,. (4), ,, (2015). :. (2), doi: /kjhd , (2017).,. (1), doi: /jkcce , (2013).,,. Andragogy Today-International Journal of Adult & Continuing Education, 16(2), , (2017).,. (1), doi: /jkcce , (2017). (HLM). (2), doi: /kjce ,, (2016). :. (2), doi: /kjece (2017).. (1), doi: /jfece (2014).,. (4), (2010). :.., (2012) (2013)... (2015).,,. (2), doi: /joec ,,,,, (2010).

24 . (2015)..., (2009).. Family and Environment Research, 47(3), (2011).. (2), , (2013) ,,, (2015).,,. (4), (2015). :., (2014). :,,. (7), , (2011).. (4), (2015).. (2), (2016).. (4), , doi: /kjce , (2016). -. (2), doi: /kjece (2015). :., (2014).,,. (1), (2015). -. (3), (2013).. (2), (2017). :., (2017a).,,,. (1), doi: /koaece , (2017b).. (5), doi: /kjece.

25 , (2017c) Adler, A. (2014). ( ). :. ( 2011 ) Ashton, P. L. (1984). Teacher efficacy: A motivational for effective teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 35(5), doi: / Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Ed.), Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents (pp ). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31(3), doi: / Bredekamp, V. S. (1985). The reliability of the instruments and procedures of a national accreditation system for early childhood programs (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Maryland, Md. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge. MS: Harvard University Press. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Six theories of child development: Revised for mutations and current issues. London: Jessica Kingsley. Duncan, T. E., & Duncan, S. C. (2004). An introduction to latent growth curve modeling. Behavior Therapy, 35(2), doi: /s (04)80042-x. Riggs, I. M., & Enochs, L. G. (1990). Toward the development of an efficacy belief instrument for elementary teachers. Science Education, 74(6), doi: /sce Goodwin, L. D., & Goodwin, W. L. (1999). Measurement myths and misconceptions. School Psychology Quarterly, 14(4), doi: /h Holloway, S. D., & Reichhart-Erickson, M. (1988). The relationship of day care quality to children's free-play behavior and social problem-solving skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 3(1), doi: / (88) Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(4), doi: / x Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness; Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social indicators research, 46(2), doi: /a: MCS (2008). MCS Child Paper Self Completion Questionnaire.

26 &sitesectionid=866&sitesectiontitle=the+age+7+survey+of+the+mcs+(2008) Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage Publications. Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(1), doi: /s z. Scheier, M., & Carver, C. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), doi: /bf Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1996). Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenario. Psychological Methods, 1(2), doi: / x Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. (2002). Maximizing versus satisfying: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), doi: / Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirected effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp ). SanFrancisco: Jessey-Bass. Ward, M. J., Vaughn, B. E., & Robb, M. D. (1988). Social-emotional adaptation and infant-mother attachment in siblings: Role of the mother in cross-sibling consistency. Child Development, 59(3), doi: / : / : / :

27 ,, :. : (KICCE) (PSKC) 2013 (6 )-2015 (8 ), :,.,,. :.

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